The materials common to many types of natural building are clay and sand. When mixed with water and, usually, straw or other fibre, the mixture is known as cob or adobe. Other materials commonly used in natural building are: earth, wood, cordwood, timber frame, straw and rock. A wide variety of reused or recycled materials are common in natural building, including salvaged chunks of used concrete, tyres, discarded bottles and other recycled glass.
Major types of currently-popular natural building materials
Straw-bale
straw bale house- early stage construction
Straw-bale building is a practical and perhaps under utilized construction method. Straw is a viable building alternative, plentiful and inexpensive. Straw-bale buildings boast super insulated walls, simple construction, low costs, and the conversion of an agricultural byproduct into a valued building material. Properly constructed and maintained, the straw-bale walls, stucco exterior and plaster interior remain water proof, fire resistant, and pest free.
Adobe
adobe house
One of the oldest building methods, adobe is simply clay and sand mixed with water. Sometimes chopped straw or other fibers are added for strength and a small amount of cement or asphalt emulsion for better weatherproofing. The mixture is then poured into molds and dried; usually adobe is shaped into bricks that can be stacked to form walls. Adobe colored with clay and polished with natural oil makes an attractive and resilient floor. To protect the walls and reduce maintenance, adobe buildings usually have large overhanging eaves and sizeable foundations. Adobe is not a good insulator; however insulation can be added preferably on the outside.
Cob
cob house
The term cob is used to describe a building system based on a mixture of clay, sand and straw. The construction uses no forms, bricks or wooden framework; it is built from the ground up. Cob is one of the easiest and least expensive building techniques available, though it is typically very labor-intensive. Cob’s other great advantage is versatility; It can easily be shaped into any form.
Cob-like mixes are also used as plaster or filler in several methods of natural building, such as adobe, earth bags, timber frames, cordwood, and straw bales.
Cordwood
cordwood house
Cordwood construction uses short length pieces of debarked tree, laid up crosswise, with masonry or cob mixtures to build a wall. The cordwood, thus, becomes infill for the walls, usually between posts in a timber frame structure. Cordwood masonry construction provides a relatively high thermal mass, which makes the building easy to heat and cool.
Earth bag
earth bag house in construction
This building method utilizes stacked polypropylene or natural-fibre (burlap) bags filled with earth. Although earth is a poor insulator, its growing popularity relates to its use of an abundant and readily available material (earth) and is potentially an inexpensive building technique.
Source (text): Sustainable Projects
Swazi beehive hut
The above natural building materials are a few of many more available. These materials are the ones that humans have used for millennia. Sustainable building is gaining popularity around the world; sometimes out of necessity and other times due to a desire to reduce impact on the environment. There are still many rural areas in Africa where traditional homes are built with reeds, poles, mud and thatch. If you drive through rural areas in the Mpumalanga Lowveld, look out for the few remaining Swazi huts made from mud, wood and thatch and the grass beehive huts. Many of the old, eco-friendly buildings in African tribal areas have been replaced with high-cost, Western-style houses. When new and old building knowledge is combined, perfectly comfortable, functional houses can be built with natural materials. Sustainable living comprises of many facets. Water Rhapsody conservation systems are eco-friendly and help to reduce human environmental impact by reducing water consumption.
